Beta-Alanine is a beta amino acid that is naturally occurring and that has a name given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – IUPAC – sounding as distinctive as 3-aminopropanoic acid. This nonessential amino acid is derived in the body by the degradation of carnosine or dihydrouracil. It is furthermore a part of natural peptides anserine and carnosine and can be found as a component of Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid. Beta-alanine levels limit the amount of carnosine, which means that it is a rate limiting factor for this dipeptide. When beta-alanine is being supplemented, it has been observed that carnosine levels in muscles are raised, which seems to reduce fatigue in athletes and raise the level of exercises that can be done.

Vitamin C is L-ascorbic acid, or the active component of Vitamin C. Ascorbate, which is an ion of the ascorbic acid, is required for many metabolic reactions and is manufactured internally by most organisms, except humans. It is an essential nutrient and needs to be provided through nutrition. While oranges were traditionally deemed a good source of Vitamin C, the amount provided by an orange is dwarfed by the amount provided by the kakadu plum the richest Vitamin C plant resource of the world. Other notable sources are red peppers, parsley, Kiwifruit, Guava, Broccoli, Camu Camu, rose hip, Jujube, papaya, strawberries, lemon, melon and similar. Vitamin C is essential for tyrosine, carnitine and collagen synthesis, is the most widely available antioxidant and furthermore is vital for blood vessels, cartilage and scar tissue.

Vitamin E is the name for a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols that are soluble in fat and display antioxidant properties. The most important vitamin out of this group is alpha tocopherol, which professes the highest bioavailability, and therefore, was the most studied Vitamin E. Found in such foods as nuts, seeds, milk, wheat germ and most vegetable oils, this Vitamin is said to be perhaps the most important antioxidant in human nourishment, although this trait is not deemed the imperative reason why Vitamin E is required to be in every diet. Most clinical studies which were supposed to crown Vitamin E as the prevention from prostate cancer or cardiovascular wonder supplement have been either inconclusive or were discontinued due to poor results. Vitamin E deficiency results in neurological and neuromuscular problems, but also in failure to absorb fat.